Human Physiology: Calicut University Free Study Material
Hello everyone! In this study material, I've put together notes from unit 2 circulation, from the module physiology of respiration and circulation. This unit deals with some of the most interesting topics in physiology such as the origin of blood, how clots are formed, and common cardiovascular problems. I've tried my best to make the notes clear, structured, and exam-friendly.
If you do find these notes useful feel free to share it among your friends and classmates. Also feel free to leave a comment or suggestion if you would like me to add more explanation, diagrams, or anything else.
Why is this Module Important?
This is one of the those modules in physiology where university loves to ask a ton of questions. The University frequently frames questions like basic definitions of ESR or ECG and detailed essays on blood coagulation, haemopoiesis, and cardiovascular diseases.
What’s covered in this study material?
✅ Pacemaker and Conducting System – SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, mechanism of conduction
✅ Components of Blood – plasma proteins, RBCs, WBCs, and platelets with their detailed functions
✅ Haemostasis and Blood Coagulation – steps of haemostasis, intrinsic & extrinsic pathways, clotting factors
✅ Disorders of Blood Clotting – hemophilia, thrombosis, purpura, etc.
✅ Haemopoiesis – origin and differentiation of blood cells
✅ ESR and Its Significance – Westergren’s method
✅ Haemoglobinopathies – sickle cell anemia, thalassemia
✅ Blood Groups – ABO, Rh factor, MN system, and erythroblastosis fetalis
✅ Apheresis – principle and clinical applications
✅ Electrocardiogram (ECG) – waves, intervals, and clinical importance
✅ Cardiovascular Problems – hypertension, hypotension, atherosclerosis, bradycardia, tachycardia
✅ Serious Cardiac Disorders – myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, cardiac arrest
Why is this topic important?
From an exam perspective, this unit is highly relevant, covering both fundamentals and clinical correlations. Expect:
📌 Short answer questions on topics like SA node, ESR, plasma proteins, clotting factors, or blood groups.
📌 Short essay questions on haemostasis, haemopoiesis, ECG, and haemoglobinopathies.
📌 Long essay questions on blood coagulation pathways, cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest).
📌 Diagram-based questions on ECG, blood coagulation cascade, and conducting system of the heart.
📌 [Embed PDF Here]
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