Human Physiology | Module 2 Unit 1 | Calicut University First Semester BSc. Zoology Notes PDF |

 Physiology of Respiration and Circulation: Calicut University Free Study Material 

Hello everyone! In this study material i have included topics from Module 2 Respiration from the Unit 1 of First Semester BSc. Zoology of Calicut University 

Why is this Module Important?

As you may have noticed, this is one of the core physiology modules of the semester. The most basic form of questions valuing up to 3 marks are usually asked from this unit, such as definitions of lung volumes or respiratory pigments. At the same time, the University can also surprise you with questions like, respiratory problems (like IRDS or COPD), oxygen dissociation curve, or high-altitude adaptations.

What’s covered in this study material?

✅ Introduction to Respiration – external vs. internal respiration

✅ Lung Volumes & Capacities – TV, IRV, ERV, RV, VC, TLC, FRC

✅ Respiratory Pigments – haemoglobin, myoglobin, haemocyanin, etc.

✅ Haemoglobin: Structure & Functions – HbA, HbF, abnormal types

✅ Transport of Oxygen & CO₂ – oxyhaemoglobin, bicarbonates, chloride shift

✅ Oxygen–Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve – factors affecting oxygen affinity (Bohr effect, Haldane effect)

✅ Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – mechanism, effects, treatment

✅ Nervous & Chemical Control of Respiration – medulla, pons, chemoreceptors

✅ Respiratory Problems – in newborns (IRDS, SIDS), in old age (COPD, infections)

✅ COVID-Associated Respiratory Problems – viral pneumonia, ARDS

✅ High Altitude Adaptations – hypoxia, polycythemia, hyperventilation

Why is this topic important?

From an exam perspective, this unit is highly relevant, since it covers basic respiratory physiology, mechanisms of gas exchange, and clinical aspects. Expect:

📌 Short answer questions on definitions (respiration, tidal volume, vital capacity, respiratory pigments, etc.)

📌 Short essay questions on oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve, transport of gases, and respiratory control.

📌 Long essay questions on respiratory problems (newborn, old age, COPD, COVID-related issues) and adaptations at high altitude.

📌 Diagram-based questions on lung volumes, oxygen dissociation curve, and gas transport.

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